Movement

A.  Traits of Living Things (non-inclusive list)
     1.  Movement
     2.  Digestion
     3.  Respiration
     4.  Excretion
     5.  Communication
     6.  Reproduction
     7.  Circulation 
B.  Morphology and Physiology
     1.  Definitions
          a.  morphology=study of structure
          b.  physiology=study of function
          c.  anatomy=study of structure by dissection
     2.  Traits mentioned in A are both structure and function
          eg., Respiration is a function of the respiratory system
          which may consist of gills, or lungs.
     3.  Importance of studying in an integrate fashion both 
          morphology and function.
          a.  homology-study of similar structures in organisms           
               having common descent  
          b.  analogy-study of structures having similar functions
               but not necessarily structure and not of common
               descent 
C.  Movment in the Protists
     1.  Movement without locomotion--cytoplasmic streaming
          a.  perhaps caused by gradients within an organism's
               cytoplasm or perhaps related to Brownian motion.
     2.  Movement with locomotion
          a.  No locomotory structure-sporozoan protists such as
               malaria which rely upon vectors such as mosquitos
               or host circulatory systems for movement
          b.  Filamentous structures such as cilia or flagella
          c.  Body wall extensions, eg., psuedopodia
     3.  Filamentous structures-flagella
          a. long filamentous structures with microtubles/fibrils
               that stretch from the base to the tip.  Arrangement
               consists of nine outer pairs and one inner pair.
          b.  tubules coil as they pass from base to tip.  
               Biochemical studies show that actin and myosin are
               present.  
          c.  energy obtained from ATP produced by mitochondria.
               High energy phosphate attached to AMP and ADP via
               oxidative phosphorylation that occurs in the cristae
               of mitochondria
          d.  as wave of contraction passes along the flagellum, it
               bends.  bends are in the fashion of a twirlling of
               the structure.  force is exerted against the water
               molecules.  if wave passes from base to tip, protist
               is pulled through water, vice versa, protist is 
               pushed through water
          e.  flagellae often occur in pairs or in multiple numbers
               this presents greater problem in terms of getting
               in each others way.  thus, in many that show two 
               roots, one is lost or fused with the other.  
               In some groups, dinoflagellates, one may be vertical
               the other horizontal.
     4.  Cilia
          a.  short filamentous structures with microtubules/fibrils
               that stretch from base to tip.  Similar arrangement
               in cross section as flagellae.
          b.  tests again show  presence of actin/myosin and use of
               ATP as energy source
          c.  shows different pattern of action.  cilium only moves
               in single plane with a contraction/power phase and
               a recovery/restoration phase.
          d.  always occur in multiple numbers usually in a 
               structured arrangement.  beat in a metachronal 
               fashion, that is a wave of power/recovery strokes
               pass through the ciliary fields.