Human Anatomy and Physiology II
Exam 1, Version 1 - Feb. 25, 1994
Dr. Chabot
Multiple Choice (@2 points): Circle the letter of the one best answer. GOOD LUCK!
Answer only 30 out of 33! The first 30 answered will be graded.
1. Masses of myelinated nerve fibers appear
A. white
B. gray
C. brown
D. transparent
2. When looking at the outside of the human brain, most of what you see is
A. brain stem
B. cerebellum
C. cerebrum
D. hypothalamus
E. none of the above
3. Relative refractory refers to
A. an all or none action potential
B. the time after an action potential during which a neuron is less sensitive to stimulus
C. your cousins who work in an automobile assembly plant
D. the fact that neurons are rapidly repolarized
4. The reticular formation is found in the
A. Cerebellum
B. Cerebrum
C. Conundrum
D. brain stem
5. What is the correct sequence of these events that follow a threshold potential?
1. The membrane becomes depolarized.
2. Sodium channels open and sodium ions diffuse inward.
3. The membrane becomes repolarized.
4. Potassium channels open and potassium ions diffuse outward.
A. 3,2,4,1
B. 2,1,4,3
C. 1,2,4,3
D. 4,1,3,2
6. Saltatory conduction
A. occurs only if the myelin sheath is continuous
B. occurs only if nodes of Ranvier are lacking
C. is faster than conduction on an unmyelinated fiber
D. is slower than conduction on an unmyelinated fiber
7. If the reticular formation (reticular activating system) is injured, the affected person might exhibit signs of
A. hyperactivity
B. increased metabolism
C. increased sympathetic system responses
D. unconsciousness, or coma
8. During an action potential
A. a small percentage of the total number of Na ions diffuse into the cell
B. a small percentage of the total number of K ions diffuse out of the cell
C. a large percentage of the total number of Na ions diffuse into the cell
D. a large percentage of the total number of K ions diffuse out of the cell
E. A and B only
F. C and D only
9. The application of tetrodotoxin (TTX) to a neuron (axon) will
A. prevent the production of action potentials
B. remove the Na inactivation gate and cause a long term depolarization after stimulation
C. prevent hyperpolarization of the neuron after an action potential
D. all of the above
10. Which of the following are descending tracts in the spinal cord?
A. the spinothalamic
B. the spinocerebellar
C. the fasciculus gracilis
D. none of these
11. The selectivity of the K and Na ion channels can be explained solely on the basis of
A. the number of these channels in the membrane
B. the size of the pore (hole) of the channel
C. the water attracting or stripping properties of the inside of the channel
D. B and C only
E. all of the above
12. The units used to measure the resting potential of a nerve fiber are
A. watts
B. millivolts
C. millimeters
D. calories
13. After an action potential, the nerve cell membrane re-develops a resting potential and
A. potassium channels in the membrane open and potassium ions diffuse outward
B. a wave of action potentials travels the length of the nerve fiber as a nerve impulse
C. sodium channels in the membrane open and sodium ions diffuse inward
D. ion channels close and the membrane becomes less permeable to sodium and potassium
14. The meninges consist of
A. the pia mater
B. the arachnoid mater
C. the dura mater
D. all of these
15. The process of transmitting a nerve impulse from one neuron to another involves a
A. nerve impulse stimulating presynaptic dendrites to release a neurotransmitter into a synaptic cleft
B. nerve impulse stimulating presynaptic axons to release a neurotransmitter into a synaptic cleft
C. neurotransmitter traveling from presynaptic dendrites across a synapse to postsynaptic axons or a cell body
D. neurotransmitter traveling from postsynaptic axons across a synapse to presynaptic dendrites or a cell body
16. A nerve cell membrane may become depolarized as a result of
A. unequal distribution of ions on each side of the membrane
B. some ion channels being opened while others are closed
C. the relative ease with which potassium ions diffuse through membranes
D. totally preventing sodium ions from passing through the membrane
17. In the synapse, a receptor can be
A. a protein
B. a channel
C. a recognition site for a neurotransmitter
D. A and B only
E. All of the above
18. Inhibitory post synaptic potentials (IPSPs) involve
A. the opening of Na channels
B. the opening of K channels
C. a depolarization of the membrane
D. A and C only
E. None of the above
19. Chemical synaptic transmission differs from electrical synaptic transmission in that
A. only one involves channels
B. only one involves the depolarization of the membrane
C. only one requires that neurotransmitters be synthesized in the neuron
D. only one involves the transmission of "information" from one cell to another
E. all of the above
20. Neurotransmitters may affect the post synaptic cell by
A. causing a depolarization of the membrane
B. causing modification of ion channels via a second messenger
C. causing a change in the metabolism of the cell via a second messenger
D. causing a change in protein synthesis via a second messenger
E. all of the above
21. If the body had a low calcium level, then this could affect the release of neurotransmitters by
A. increasing the quantity released from synaptic knobs
B. breaking down acetylcholine to acetyl and choline in synaptic knobs
C. causing a decrease in the amount released from synaptic knobs
D. causing a greater amount to be synthesized and stored in synaptic knobs
22. During development, at approximately day 20, the nervous system forms
A. neural plate
B. neuroplasm
C. neural tube
D. the brain
23. In a neuron, the long term maintenance of a resting potential involves
A. Na channels
B. Na/K pumps
C. the lipid bilayer
D. B and C only
E. All of the above
24. The area of skin supplied by sensory nerve fibers from a particular dorsal root is called a
A. dermatome
B. microtome
C. sensory body
D. nerve body
25. The most rapid nerve impulses are conducted on fibers that are
A. thick and myelinated
B. thick and unmyelinated
C. thin and myelinated
D. thin and unmyelinated
26. Neurons have different nutritional requirements than other cells in that they
A. require glucose as a source of ATP
B. require fatty acids as a source of ATP
C. require O2 as a source of ATP
D. all of the above
E. none of the above
27. When a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor in the post synaptic membrane, this causes
A. an action potential
B. a "graded" potential
C. an excitatory post synaptic potential (EPSP)
D. B and C only
E. all of the above
28. When an action potential passes over the surface of a synaptic knob, the contents of vesicles are released in response to the presence of
A. calcium ions
B. sodium ions
C. neurotransmitters
D. neuropeptides
29. The cerebellum
A. receives sensory information
B. sends out motor information
C. A and B
D. none of the above
30. Which of the following is (are) a type of neuroglial cell?
A. an astrocyte
B. an oligodendrocyte
C. a Schwann cell
D. A and B only
E. all of these
31. During development, neural crest cells can become
A. motor neurons
B. skin
C. Schwann cells
D. axons
32. Neurons are different than other cells because they lack:
A. endoplasmic reticulum
B. a nucleus
C. golgi apparatus
D. mitochondria
E. None of the above
33. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by __________ and it functions to __________.
A. the dura mater; maintain a stable ionic concentration in the CNS
B. choroid plexuses in the ventricles; protect the brain from blows to the skull
C. arachnoid villi in the dura sinus; provide a pathway to the blood for waste substances
D. capillaries in the dura mater of the ventricles; provide moisture to the surface of the brain tissue
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FILL-INS (@2 points):
Complete the following sentences with the most appropriate (one) word.
Choose 10 out of 12 only.
1. The difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of a polarized nerve cell membrane is
called the __________ __________.
2. A(an) __________ is the junction between the parts of two neurons.
3. The interconnected, fluid-filled cavities within the brain are called __________.
4. The outermost layer of the meninges is the __________ __________.
5. The part of the brain stem that includes the cardiac and vasomotor centers is the
__________ __________.
6. The __________ root of a spinal nerve consists entirely of motor neuron axons.
7-12. List three different areas of the cerebrum and their functions )YOU MAY USE SEVERAL WORDS TO DESCRIBE FUNCTIONS).
Areas: __________ Functions: _______________________________________________
__________ _______________________________________________
__________ _______________________________________________
Essay/Short Answer (@ 10 pts). Answer only 2 of the following 3. The first 2 answered will be graded.
1) Draw and label a diagram showing a cross section through the spinal cord. Be as detailed as you can.
2) List at least four out of the five nerves of the brachial plexus and their functions.
3) Draw and label the developing brain at 35 days old. Be as detailed as you can.