HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY II

EXAM 3, VERSION 4

APRIL 19, 2000

DR. CHABOT

Multiple Choice: Circle the letter of the one best answer. Answer only 35 out of 39!

The first 35 answered will be graded. [2 points each]

1. Cardiovascular effects of the sympathetic division include all but:

A. constriction of most blood vessels

B. dilation of the vessels serving the skeletal muscles

C. increase of heart rate and force

D. dilation of the blood vessels serving the skin and digestive viscera

2. The "resting and digesting" division of the autonomic nervous system is:

A. the parasympathetic division C. the somatic division

B. the sympathetic division D. the peripheral nervous system

3. Erection of the penis or clitoris:

A. is primarily under sympathetic control

B. is primarily under parasympathetic control

C. is the result of coordinated activation by both sympathetic and parasympathetic input

D. depends very little on autonomic activation

4. Which is a uniquely sympathetic function?

A. the brainstem reticular formation C. regulation of respiratory rate

B. regulation of cardiac rate D. regulation of body temperature

5. The possibility of cortical control over autonomic responses is demonstrated by:

A. split brain studies C. biofeedback

B. stress-induced hypertension D. nightmares

6. Individuals with insulin resistant diabetes:

A. have an absolute requirement for insulin injections

B. are often in ketosis

C. may often control their disease by diet and exercise

D. both B and C are correct

7. Which of the following would be associated with the action of steroids on cells?

A. extracellular receptors with a specificity for only a single amino acid sequence

on the hormone

B. an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP

C. second messenger systems

D. a hormone-receptor complex that interacts directly with the cell's DNA

8. The ability of specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is

dependent on:

A. the location of the tissues or organ with respect to the circulatory path

B. the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ

C. the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ

D. all hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types

because hormones are powerful and nonspecific

9. Insulin, a small (51 amino acid) protein, is synthesized by the beta cells of the

pancreas. This hormone is released:

A. in excessive amounts in obese people

B. in response to severe physical stress (i.e., a ten-mile marathon)

C. when the body's glucose level rises

D. when the body's glucose level drops

10. Which sequence is correct for the following events?

1. fibrinogen ----> fibrin

2. platelets damaged

3. formation of thromboplastin

4. prothrombin ----> thrombin

A. 3,4,1,2 C. 4,3,1,2

B. 1,2,3,4 D. 3,2,1,4

11. What is the average normal pH of blood?

A. 8.4 C. 7.4

B. 7.8 D. 4.7

12. Fred's blood was determined to be AB positive. What does this mean?

A. there are no antibodies to A, to B, or to Rh antigens in the plasma

B. antibodies to A and B are present in the red cells

C. his blood lacks Rh factor

D. all of the above are correct

13. Which of these is not a normal plasma protein?

A. fibrinogen C. thromboplastin

B. gamma globulins D. albumin

14. Which blood type is called the universal donor:

A. A C. AB

B. B D. O

15. Which of the following might trigger erythropoiesis?

A. increased tissue demand for oxygen

B. decreased tissue demand for oxygen

C. an increased number of RBCs

D. moving from a high altitude to a low altitude

16. An individual who is blood type AB negative:

A. can receive any blood type in moderate amounts except that with the Rh antigen

B. can donate to all blood types in moderate amounts

C. can receive types A, B and AB, but not type O

D. can donate to types A, B, and AB, but not to type O

17. Normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events:

A. excitation of the SA node C. friction of blood against the chamber walls

B. closure of the heart valves D. contraction of ventricular muscle

18. The left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall in order to:

A. accommodate a greater volume of blood

B. expand the thoracic cage during diastole

C. pump blood with greater pressure

D. pump blood through a smaller valve

19. The P wave of a normal electrocardiogram indicates:

A. ventricular repolarization C. atrial repolarization

B. ventricular depolarization D. atrial depolarization

20. Blood within the pulmonary veins returns to the:

A. right atrium C. right ventricle

B. left atrium D. left ventricle

21. Small muscle masses attached to the chordae tendineae are the:

A. trabeculae carneae C. papillary muscles

B. pectinate muscles D. venae cavae

22. Which of the following is not part of the conduction system of the heart?

A. AV node C. AV valve

B. bundle of His D. SA node

23. Blood is carried to capillaries in the heart by way of:

A. the coronary sinus C. coronary arteries

B. the fossa ovalis D. coronary veins

24. Which statement best describes arteries?

A. all carry oxygenated blood to the heart

B. all carry blood away from the heart

C. all contain valves to prevent the back-flow of blood

D. only large arteries are lined with endothelium

25. Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is

the primary function of:

A. arterioles C. veins

B. arteries D. capillaries

26. The arteries that directly feed into the capillary beds are called:

A. muscular arteries C. arterioles

B. elastic arteries D. venules

27. Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise?

A. blood will be diverted to the digestive organs

B. the skin will be cold and clammy

C. capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood

D. all of the above are correct

28. Blood flow to the skin:

A. is controlled mainly by decreasing pH

B. increases when environmental temperature rises

C. increases when body temperature drops so that the skin does not freeze

D. is not an important source of nutrients and oxygen for skin cells

29. Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange?

A. trachea C. respiratory bronchioles

B. alveoli D. alveolar ducts

30. The respiratory membrane is a combination of:

A. respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts

B. alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basal lamina

C. atria and alveolar sacs

D. none of the above are correct

31. Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by:

A. humidifying the air before it enters

B. warming the air before it enters

C. interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the

surface tension of alveolar fluid

D. protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other environmental variations

32. With the Bohr effect more oxygen is released because:

A. a decrease in pH (acidosis) strengthens the hemoglobin - oxygen bond

B. a decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin - oxygen bond

C. an increase in pH (alkalosis) strengthens the hemoglobin - oxygen bond

D. an increase in pH (alkalosis) weakens the hemoglobin - oxygen bond

33. In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is:

A. only about 2% of the oxygen combined with hemoglobin

B. about equal to the oxygen combined with hemoglobin

C. greater than the oxygen combined with hemoglobin

D. none of the above are correct

34. The nose serves all the following functions except:

A. as a passageway for air movement C. warming and humidifying the air

B. as the initiator of the cough reflex D. cleansing the air

35. A premature baby usually has difficulty breathing. However, the respiratory system

is developed enough for survival by:

A. 17 weeks C. 28 weeks

B. 24 weeks D. 36 weeks

36. Since the lungs are filled with fluid during fetal life, which of the following statements is

true regarding respiratory exchange?

A. respiratory exchanges are made through the ductus arteriosus

B. respiratory exchanges are not necessary

C. respiratory exchanges are made through the placenta

D. since the lungs develop later in gestation, fetuses do not need a mechanism for

respiratory exchange

37. Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the:

A. ciliated mucous lining in the nose

B. abundant blood supply to nasal mucosa

C. porous structure of turbinate bones

D. action of the epiglottis

38. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by:

A. osmosis C. filtration

B. diffusion D. active transport

39. Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract if you were to blow up a balloon?

A. diaphragm would contract, external intercostals would relax

B. internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract

C. external intercostals would contract and diaphragm would relax

D. diaphragm contracts, internal intercostals would relax

Essay/Short Answer: Answer only 3 of the following 4. The first 2 answered will be graded.

[10 points]

1. In a diagrammatic form, describe how the body maintains its metabolic rate.

2. Draw and label an oxygen-hemoglobin affinity curve. Briefly explain the shape of the curve.

3. Draw and label the heart and blood flow to and from the lungs and "body" tissues.

4. Describe how the pacemaker cells in the SA node depolarize spontaneously. (You may

use and refer to a diagram but you also need to explain what happens in words.)