Human Anatomy and Physiology II
Exam 2, Version 1 - Mar 22, 1993
Dr. Chabot
Multiple Choice (@2 points): Circle the letter of the one best answer. GOOD LUCK!
- Answer only 30 out of 33!
BE SURE TO IDENTIFY THE 3 QUESTIONS YOU DON'T WANT GRADED!
- The first 30 answered will be graded.
1. The autonomic nervous system is involved in:
A. the control of skeletal muscle movements
B. maintenance of homeostasis in the body
C. "fight or flight" reactions
D. transduction of sensory impulses
2. Almost all autonomic functions can be elicited by electrically stimulating the:
A. medulla oblongata
B. limbic system
C. cerebral cortex
D. thalamus
3. If the sympathetic nervous system causes dilation of the pupil, the parasympathetic nervous system causes:
A. dilation as well
B. dilation above and beyond the dilation that the sympathetic nervous system can cause
C. constriction
D. no effect on the pupil
4. When the sympathetic nervous system is activated, which of the following occurs?
A. heart rate increases
B. blood glucose increases
C. blood is diverted from the internal organs
D. Blood is diverted towards the skeletal muscles
E. All of the above
5. In the absence of autonomic input to the internal organs:
A. the organs would become inactive and quickly atrophy (die)
B. the organs may remain active since some are intrinsically active (activity arises from within)
C. the organs would quickly become over-active and die
D. the central nervous system would take over the functions
6. The limbic system is:
A. involved in the control of the autonomic nervous system
B. a group of fiber tracts and brain nuclei that is involved in basic emotions such as anger
C. a brain nucleus which contains centers for hunger, thirst, and body temperature maintenance
D. A and B
7. In organs that are controlled by only one part of the autonomic nervous system such as sweat glands, control over the functions of these organs is maintained by:
A. graded potentials in the nerves innervating these structures
B. a change in the frequency of action potentials in the nerves innervating these structures
C. the release of different neurotransmitters from the neurons innervating these structures
D. variation in the strengths (voltages) of the action potentials in the nerves innervating these structures
8. Which of the following substances or factors can be considered to be responsible for coupling excitation to contraction in muscle cells?
A. action potentials
B. Ca++
C. graded potentials
D. Na+
9. The fiber tract responsible for carrying motor impulses for motor movements which have already been learned is called the:
A. pyramidal tract
B. extra-pyramidal tract
C. autonomic tract
D. practice tract
10. Slow-oxidative (SO) muscle fibers are characterized by:
A. relatively high concentrations of glycolytic enzymes
B. reaction latencies of 50 msec
C. an inability to break down glucose to produce ATP in the presence of O2
D. a relatively rich supply of capillaries (vascularization)
11. SO muscle fibers are used:
A. for normal "everyday" movements
B. for maximal muscular power generation
C. primarily when working out strenuously
D. B and C
12. Fast-Glycolytic (FG) muscle fibers are innervated by
A. relatively large (cell body) motor neurons
B. relatively small (cell body) motor neurons
C. relatively low-threshold motor neurons
D. relatively high-threshold motor neurons
E. A and D
13. When you work out, the motor unit (or muscle) types which are recruited first are:
A. FOGs
B. FGs
C. SOs
D. none of the above
14. In embryological development, the brain and spinal cord begin to develop within:
A. the first month
B. the third month
C. the second trimester (6 months)
D. none of the above
15. A receptor cell:
A. receives information from a labeled line
B. generally sends action potentials to the central nervous system
C. transduces environmental information
D. is always located in the integument (skin)
16. The brain "knows" what type of sensory information it is receiving because:
A. of the quality of the neural energy
B. of the quantity of action potentials
C. the information travels in specific "labeled lines" (axons)
D. of the type of environmental energy it receives from the sensory cells
17. The fovea is a part of the retina where:
A. there is a high concentration of cones
B. lateral processing does not take place
C. there is a high concentration of rods
D. the optic nerve exits from the eye
18. When the pigment rhodopsin absorbs a photon:
A. rod cells are stimulated
B. cone cells are stimulated
C. ganglion cells are stimulated
D. none of the above
19. Lateral inhibition:
A. increases visual acuity by enhancing edge contrast
B. occurs when light is shined on photoreceptors
C. occurs when you go from a dark room into bright light
D. occurs in the muscle cells of the ciliary ganglion
20. When light is shined on rods:
A. they hyperpolarize because Na channels open
B. they hyperpolarize because Na channels close
C. they depolarize because Na channels open
D. they depolarize because Na channels close
21. Which of the following represents the correct order for the path taken by sound from the outside until the sound is "heard" by the brain?
1. oval window 5. tympanic membrane (eardrum)
2. auditory meatus (ear canal) 6. fluid in cochlea
3. hair cells 7. tectorial/basilar membranes
4. ear bones (incus, malleus, stapes 8. auditory nerve to brain
A. 5-2-6-4-1-7-8-3
B. 2-1-4-5-6-7-3-8
C. 2-5-4-1-7-6-3-8
D. 2-5-4-1-6-7-3-8
22. The direction of sounds can be determined by:
A. the frequency of action potentials in the auditory nerve
B. the time differences of action potentials arriving at brain nuclei from the 2 cochlea
C. the shearing forces of the basilar and tectorial membranes in the cochlea
D. the impedance matching characteristics of the ear bones (incus, malleus, and stapes)
23. We humans can distinguish between different sound frequencies because:
A. of the frequency of action potentials in the auditory nerve
B. of the time differences of action potentials arriving at brain nuclei from the 2 cochlea
C. high frequency sounds primarily stimulate hair cells near the oval window
D. of the impedance matching characteristics of the ear bones (incus, malleus, and stapes)
24. Sensory hair cells in the cochlea become excited (depolarized):
A. when sound waves induce electrical changes in fluid filled cochlea
B. when the hairs of the cells are displaced (bent)
C. when a pigment molecule changes shape
D. they are stimulated by neurotransmitters
25. Humans have chemoreceptors located:
A. in the nasal epithelium
B. on the tongue
C. A and B
D. none of the above
26. Receptor cells:
A. produce action potentials in response to environmental stimuli
B. produce graded potentials in response to environmental stimuli
C. generally respond to a wide variety of environmental stimuli
D. B and C
27. Your eyes have the ability to focus by:
A. contraction/relaxation of the muscles in the iris
B. contraction/relaxation of the ciliary muscles
C. movements of the lens forwards and backwards
D. contraction/relaxation of the vitreous
29. A hormone is:
A. often broken down by the liver or kidneys
B. released into the blood
C. has effects on all cells in the body
D. has effects on only certain cells in the body
E. A, B, and C
F. A, B, and D
30. The posterior pituitary:
A. releases hormones into the blood which are produced by its secretory cells
B. releases hormones into the blood which are produced by secretory cells in the hypothalamus
C. produces and releases growth hormone
D. produces and releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
31. The anterior pituitary:
A. produces and releases thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
B. produces and releases TSH-RH
C. is composed exclusively of cells which do not produce hormones themselves
D. A and B
32. The endocrine system helps to maintain homeostasis:
A. via negative feedback control
B. via positive feedback control
C. often by working in concert (together) with the nervous system
D. A. and C.
E. B. and C.
33. The hypothalamus can be thought of a the "master gland" because:
A. it is located at the base of the brain
B. it controls many endocrine functions via the release of releasing hormones
C. it controls the functioning of the pituitary gland, which was previously known as the master gland
D. B. and C.
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Complete the following sentences with the most appropriate (one) word (@ 2 points).
Choose 10 out of 12 only.
1. The name of the hormone which regulates overall metabolic rate is ____________________.
2. The name of the gland located in the abdomen which helps to regulate blood glucose is ________.
3. Body temperature is regulated primarily by the ____________ system.
4. Hormones exert their effects on ________ cells.
5. Hypoglycemia may occur because of the release of too much ______________.
6. The maintenance of characteristics within a narrow range is called __________.
7. If blood levels of thyroxin fall below certain levels, cells in the ____________ respond first.
8. Normal functioning of glands and organs is maintained by the ___________ nervous system.
9. Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system causes ____________ of the lung bronchioles.
10. The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are generally ____________ to one another.
11. One of the structures which is part of the limbic system is ________________.
12. A motor neuron and the muscle fibers controlled by it is known as a ______ _____ (2 words)
Short Answer (@ 10 pts). Answer only 2 of the following 3. The first 2 answered will be graded.
1) Draw and label a series of diagrams describing the early development of the brain and spinal cord.
2) Provide a diagram outlining the control of blood glucose levels after a meal. Be sure to include details of the process (the names of tissues, cells, etc)
3) Compare and contrast the nervous and the endocrine systems. This is a 2 part question - be sure to list the similarities and differences. Do not use complete sentences.